At‐a‐station hydraulic geometry relations, 1: theoretical development     

Vijay P. Singh  L. Zhang 《水文研究》2008,22(2):189-215

This paper, the first of two, hypothesizes that: (1) the temporal variation of stream power of a river channel at a given station with varying discharge is accomplished by the temporal variation in channel form (flow depth and channel width) and hydraulic variables, including energy slope, flow velocity and friction; (2) the change in stream power is distributed among the changes in flow depth, channel width, flow velocity, slope, and friction, depending on the boundary conditions that the channels has to satisfy. The second hypothesis is a result of the principle of maximum entropy and the theory of minimum energy dissipation or its simplified minimum stream power. These two hypotheses lead to families of at‐a‐station hydraulic geometry relations. The conditions under which these families of relations can occur in the field are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

合作原则对大学英语四六级听力测试对话的指导   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

黄舒 《成都信息工程学院学报》2008,23(3):349-353

听力理解在英语四六级考试中占有重要的比例,提高听力水平既是教学的要求也是通过大学英语四六级考试的关键。因此在分析近年来大学英语四六级听力理解对话部分的难点的基础上,提出合作原则及相关理论对解答听力理解对话部分具有指导作用。  相似文献   

基于主成分分析的ENVISAT ASAR数据在福建省漳州市香蕉园地提取中的应用(英文)     

汪小钦  王钦敏  凌飞龙  朱晓铃  江洪 《地球空间信息科学学报》2009,12(2):142-145

Banana is one of the main economic agrotypes in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province. The multi-temporal ENVISAT ASAR data with different polarization are used to classify the banana fields in this paper. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for six pairs of ASAR dual-polarization data. For its large leaves, banana has high backscatter. So the value of banana fields is high and shows very bright in the 1st component, which makes it much easier for banana fields extraction. Dual-polarization data provide more information, and the VV and VH backscatter of banana show different characters with other land covers. Based on the analysis of the radar signature of banana fields and other land covers and the 1st component, banana fields are classified using object-oriented classifier. Compared to the field survey data and ASTER data, the accuracy of banana fields in the study area is 83.5%. It shows that the principal component analysis provides the useful information in SAR images analysis and makes the extraction of banana fields easier. Supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-05-0573), Fujian Science and Technology Project (No.2006I0018), the Science Project of the Education Department of Fujian Province(No. 2006F5022).  相似文献   

高真空击密法在软地基处理中的应用     

彭博  邰永明 《海岸工程》2008,27(3):77-80

姑合工程实践，介绍快速“高真空击密法”软地基处理方法的施工原理、施工工艺及质量控制等，并简单阐述“高真空击密法”在进行软地基处理中的优点。  相似文献   

中国产业发展与布局的关联法则   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6  

贺灿飞  朱晟君 《地理学报》2020,75(12):2684-2698

产业地理学研究产业空间分布及其动态演化规律。基于地理邻近性的集聚理论揭示了产业地理不平衡分布的内在机制。演化经济地理学借鉴演化经济学的历史视角,从历史角度考察经济活动空间分布的渐进演化机制,认为地理邻近性不是产业地理格局演化的充分必要条件,以认知邻近性为核心的多维邻近性能够提供更好的解释。本文从认知邻近视角系统地分析了中国区域产业发展与布局动态演化规律,总结出中国产业发展与布局的“关联法则”,即一个企业或区域进入（或退出）某项经济活动的概率是该企业或地区拥有的基于相关知识基础的经济活动的函数。本文全面地回顾了关联法则涉及的关键概念,梳理企业和区域尺度的实证研究成果,讨论关联法则在中国的适用性及其补充和拓展。本文指出：① 在认知邻近视角下,基于资源转换和组织学习等理论基础,关联法则研究了企业或区域发展新产业与现有产业之间的关系。② 关联法则不仅适用于中国企业和区域尺度,还会影响区域经济发展、创新和韧性等。③ 外部联系、冲击以及内部制度环境等可能会降低区域产业动态对本地产业基础的依赖性。关联法则指出中国区域需培育内生发展模式,围绕现有区域能力、技术和知识积累发展区域产业和实现区际产业优化布局与分工,逐步建立相关多样化的产业体系,增强区域韧性,支撑国内经济循环。  相似文献   

Water source characterization through spatiotemporal patterns of major,minor and trace element stream concentrations in a complex,mesoscale German catchment     

Holger L. Fröhlich  Lutz Breuer  Hans‐Georg Frede  Johan A. Huisman  Kellie B. Vaché 《水文研究》2008,22(12):2028-2043

The link between spatiotemporal patterns of stream water chemistry and catchment characteristics for the mesoscale Dill catchment (692 km²) in Germany is explored to assess the catchment scale controls on water quality and to characterize water sources. In order to record the spatiotemporal pattern, ‘snapshot sampling’ was applied during low, mean and high flow, including 73 nested sites throughout the catchment. Water samples were analysed for the elements Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ba, Pb and U using inductively‐coupled‐plasma mass spectrometry, and for electric conductivity and pH. Principle component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to find typical element associations and to group water samples according to their hydrochemical fingerprints. This revealed regional hydrochemical patterns of water quality which were subsequently related to catchment attributes to draw conclusions about the controls on stream chemistry. It was found that various lithologic signals and anthropogenic point source inputs controlled the base flow hydrochemistry. During increased flows, stream waters were diluted causing additional hydrochemical variability in response to heterogeneous precipitation inputs and differences in aquifer storage capacities. The hydrochemical patterns further displayed in‐stream mixing of waters. This implied, that stream waters could be apportioned to the identified water sources throughout the catchment. The basin‐wide hydrochemical variability has the potential to outrange the tracer signatures typically inferred in studies at the hillslope scale and is able to strongly influence the complexity of the catchment output. Both have to be considered for further catchment scale tracer and modelling work. Despite the likelihood of non‐conservative behaviour, the minor and trace elements enhanced the rather qualitative discrimination of the various groundwater types, as the major cations were strongly masked by point source inputs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

半参数估计与LS估计的有效性比较   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

吴友平  彭军还  鲁铁定 《测绘科学》2009,34(1)

建立半参数回归模型,将系统误差加入,推导出了模型正则化矩阵时参数平差的计算方法,并用直接法得到了参数、非参数的估计量,在MSE准则下与最小二乘估值(简称LS估值)进行比较,证明了半参数估值的有效性。  相似文献   

便携式潮汐观测仪(PET)数据处理研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张新林  李辉  王晓权  刘子维 《大地测量与地球动力学》2007,27(Z1):116-121,135

介绍了用切比雪夫多项式和最小二乘相结合的数据拟合从重力固体潮观测的秒值提取分钟值和小时值的方法,该方法可以将错误数据自动剔除以得到可靠数据.将提取的数据应用于调和分析,效果良好.  相似文献   

建筑日照测量仪研制     

张后发  白黎  张静芳 《气象科技》2013,41(2):259-263

介绍了建筑日照测量仪的研制原理、设计方案及使用方法.仪器通过显示器观察白天太阳周日圈上遮挡物,由编码器测量每个遮挡物所遮挡的日照时间.由于仪器采用机械装置动态模拟了日地方位角变化关系,从而保证了显示器摄像头始终沿太阳周日圈扫描(仪器专利名称;一种建筑日照测量装置,专利号:201120007301.9).对比检验表明,当采用1000脉冲编码器,通过4倍频,其分辩率为21.6s,误差在1.5 min以内.仪器结构紧凑,设计小巧,使用方便,一次常规测量只需几分钟,大大降低了测量成本,达到了现场实测、直观显示的技术要求.该仪器可用于日照纠纷仲裁,建筑日照以及气象、雷达探测环境遮挡角测量.  相似文献   

中心地理论中市场原则的再讨论     

梁进社 《地理学报》2022,77(8):1892-1906

本文指出中心地理论中k = 3系统由市场原则生成的几种传统说法的缺陷;提出所有相邻级别中心地,在满足以下两个条件：① 正三角形的中心地分布和中心地之正六边形市场区;② 较高级别中心地提供相应级别及比其等级低的货物,它们的市场区（或腹地）之大小应尽可能地接近,以尽最大可能地减少相邻级别中心地市场区之间的差距,进而降低所生成的中心地系统对要配置的商品或服务因其上限或下限范围之要求产生可能的排除,这即是市场原则之合理说法。本文的新提法能够调和克里斯塔勒自上而下和哈格特自下而上建构中心地系统所产生的规模等级及其解释之差异。从廖什的空间垄断竞争型中心地建模理念看,根据此提法建立的中心地系统尽可能地降低了厂商的空间垄断性,以减少厂商取得的超额利润,其符合正常市场理性原则。本文对中心地理论中k = 3市场原则内涵的修正能够提升中心地理论对现实世界的分析和实践指导作用。  相似文献